Nepal and Nepalese People: history

Changu Narayan Temple

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In the cold season, in the early morning, only a few hilltops protrude from the mist-wrapped Kathmandu Valley. Near the Valley’s eastern rim the full burst of the rising sun catches one such hilltop and illuminated the sanctuary of Changu Narayan. Already the priest in the inner shrine is performing the rites of daily worship, and devotees from the surrounding village of Changu are bringing their offering of fruit and flowers to Narayan, the Lord of Men, the Creator, the Preserver. For more than half a million mornings Changu Narayan has received this same oblation from his faithful adherents.</div>
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The Benign, the Glorious, Changu Narayan is enshrined in the largest of the Kathmandu Valley’s pagoda temples. Last restored in the eighteenth century, this Newari-style jewel of temple architecture stands in a wide courtyard surrounded by pilgrim shelters and small shrines. The two-storey brick pagoda incorporates some fine woodwork, particularly in the roof struts, and the western doorway is sheathed in finely-worked repoussé copper and canopied by an extraordinary repoussé tympanum. However, this evidence of devotion of patron and artisan in recent centuries is overshadowed by masterpieces in stone, still in situ, sculpted by masters of earlier times.</div>
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The original shrine of Changu Narayan was built by king of the Lichhavi dynasty (c. 330-879 AD.), kings of a race of conquerors from the south. For them and their successors the concept of the Supreme God was much larger than the Valley, even cosmic in extent and was expressed by their sculptors’ portrayal of the majesty of divinity and the benevolence of the universe in stone. The size of their images, the ambition of their themes, and the grace and power of their execution place their work amongst Asia’s most magnificent artistic achievements.</div>
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The image of Changu Narayan in the inner shrine is of Vishnu (for Narayan is Vishnu himself) riding his mount Garuda, the old sun-god, bird with human face. A ninth-century replica in the courtyard portrays a divinely distant yet benevolent Vishnu, evoking a past as removed as Tutankhamen. A later portrayal from the Malla period shows the softening of the notion of god and a more intimate deity. Garuda by himself is celebrated outside the shrine, in a massive yet delicate portrait of devotion. His face, so it is said, is that of the great Lichhavi King Manadeva, the king who declared his triumphs on the inscribed pillar that stands close by and which was probably erected to hold the Garuda aloft, although a later earthquake brought him low.</div>
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The benign presence of Vishnu, the Savior, is incarnate in many forms, called avatars, to deliver both men and gods from the power of ignorance. In the courtyard are shrines to Krishna, sometime solace to women everywhere and moderator of Armageddon; to Narasingha, the man lion who tore to pieces a usurping demon; and also to Vishnu Vikranta, the Striding Vishnu, incarnated as a Brahmin dwarf to counter the threat of a tyrant demon. Granted the boon of possessions in three steps, the dwarf returned to his cosmic form and strode around the universe in two strides and with a third brought the demon to hell. This difficult theme is represented in the Changu courtyard in a powerful ninth-century relief, perhaps the most impressive of its type in the subcontinent.</div>
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At the start of an ancient Indian Armageddon, Arjuna the charioteer lost heart at the prospect of wreaking death and destruction upon his kith and kin. He sought comfort and strength from Lord Krishna, his driver and Vishnu’s avatar, who enheartened him with a vision of his ultimate, all-encompassing nature. This vision is known as Vishwarupa, the Cosmic Form. In Changu’s courtyard is a relief sculpture of this theme that shows late Lichhavi art at its most magnificent. The work is too small to be devotion and minute examination of the extra-ordinary detail of the netherworld inhabited by nage serpents, the middle world of elephants and a noble mankind, and the heavens, all of which are included in the vision of Vishnu’s nature. The god himself stands, ten headed, passive and benign, triumphant and transcendent, above and beyond his creation.</div>
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The power place of Changu Narayan will be claimed by the devotees of Vishnu. But, in a small temple close by, the highly significant Kileswor Mahadev resides in a lingam, the representation of Lord Shiva. Buddhists worship here, and call the deity Avalokiteswara. Tibetans come here pilgrimage and even tourists are permitted into the sacred surrounds. When the sun sets and leaves the golden roofs in darkness, Changu Narayan, the Lord of Men, has preserved the universe for all mankind for yet another day. </div>
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Source : <a href="http://www.nepaltrekkingpass.com/changunarayan.php" target="_blank">nepaltrekkingpass.com</a></div>

Changu Narayan Temple

In the cold season, in the early morning, only a few hilltops protrude from the mist-wrapped Kathmandu Valley. Near the Valley’s easter...

History & Important Landmarks in Patan

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 history 3:42 AM

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<span style="font-size: large;">History</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The history of the Durbar Square is not clear. Although the Malla Kings of Lalitpur are given credit for establishing the royal square, it is known that the site is an ancient crossroad. The Pradhanas who settled around the site before the Mallas have connections with the Durbar Square. Some chronicles hint that the history of patan Thakuri Dynasty built a palace and made reforms to the locality but the evidence is minute. Scholars are certain that Patan was a prosperous city since ancient times.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Malla Kings did make important changes to the square. Most of the current architecture is from the 1600s, constructed during the reign of King Siddhinarasimha Malla and his son Srinivasa sukriti. Some of the notable Mallas Kings who improved the square include Purandarasimha, Sivasimha Malla and Yoganarendra Malla.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The history of the Durbar Square is not clear. Although the Malla Kings of Lalitpur are given credit for establishing the royal square, it is known that the site is an ancient crossroad. The Pradhanas who settled around the site before the Mallas have connections with the Durbar Square. Some chronicles hint that the history of patan Thakuri Dynasty built a palace and made reforms to the locality but the evidence is minute. Scholars are certain that Patan was a prosperous city since ancient times.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Malla Kings did make important changes to the square. Most of the current architecture is from the 1600s, constructed during the reign of King Siddhinarasimha Malla and his son Srinivasa sukriti. Some of the notable Mallas Kings who improved the square include Purandarasimha, Sivasimha Malla and Yoganarendra Malla.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan is one of the oldest known Buddhist cities. It is a center of both Hinduism and Buddhism with 136 bahals or courtyards and 55 major temples.[7] Most of these structures are in the vicinity of the Durbar Square. Patan is one of the oldest known Buddhist cities. It is a center of both Hinduism and Buddhism with 136 bahals or courtyards and 55 major temples.[7] Most of these structures are in the vicinity of the Durbar Square.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Krishna Temple</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Krishna temple is the most important temple in Patan Durbar Square.[8] It is built in the Shikhara style imported from India although it is unique in its own way. The stone carvings along the bean above the first and second floor pillar is most notable. The first floor pillar carvings narrate the events of the Mahabharata, while on the second floor there are visual carvings from Ramayana.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The temple was built in 1637 by King Siddhinarasimh Malla. It is said that one night the King saw the Lord Krishna and his consort Srimati Radha standing in front of the royal palace. He ordered a temple to be built on the same spot.[10] There are 21 golden pinnacles in the temple. Below the pinnacles are 3 stories. The first floor holds the main shrine of Lord Krishna with shrines of Radha and Rukmini at each side. The second floor is dedicated to Lord Shiva and the third to Lokeshwor(Lord Buddha).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square is crowded with thousands of Hindu Pilgrims and devotees during Krishnastami.</span><br />
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Bhimsen Temple</h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bhimsen temple was built by Srinivasa Malla in 1680. It is renowned for its three interconnected golden windows. Bhimsen is a great hero in Mahabharata. He was known to be very brave and strong. In Newa Tradition, he is worshipped as a god of business and trade. Tourists are not allowed inside the temple.</span><br />
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Vishwanath Temple<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vishwanath temple is dedicated to god Shiva. It was built in 1627 during the reign of Siddhinarasimha Malla. The roof supports are decorated with erotic carvings similar to imagery widespread in Shiva temples in India. The temple is guarded by two stone elephants in the front entrance. On the other side of the temple is the sculpture of a bull, Shiva’s vehicle. A stone linga is enshrined inside the temple.</span><br />
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Taleju Bhawani Temple<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Taleju temple was built by Siddhinarasrimha Malla in 1640 and rebuilt by Srinivasa Malla in 1667 after a fire. Taleju Bhawani was the personal deity of the Malla kings. It is a five-storey temple with triple-roofs.[16] 14th Century chronicle of Gopala kings hint a Taleju temple was built by the Pradhanas before the Mallas.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan_Durbar_Square" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a></span>

History & Important Landmarks in Patan

History The history of the Durbar Square is not clear. Although the Malla Kings of Lalitpur are given credit for establishing the roy...

Patan Durbar Square

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 history 2:53 AM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attraction is the ancient royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newa architecture. The Square floor is tiled with red bricks. There are many temples and idols in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite of the western face of the palace. The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples. The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are various other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 baisakh 12 by a major earthquake.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attraction is the ancient royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.</span></div>
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Patan</h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newa architecture. The Square floor is tiled with red bricks. There are many temples and idols in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite of the western face of the palace. The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples. The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are various other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 baisakh 12 by a major earthquake.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attraction is the ancient royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newa architecture. The Square floor is tiled with red bricks. There are many temples and idols in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite of the western face of the palace. The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples. The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are various other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 baisakh 12 by a major earthquake.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attraction is the ancient royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newa architecture. The Square floor is tiled with red bricks. There are many temples and idols in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite of the western face of the palace. The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples. The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are various other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 baisakh 12 by a major earthquake.</span></div>
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Patan</h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of its attraction is the ancient royal palace where the Malla Kings of Lalitpur resided.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Durbar Square is a marvel of Newa architecture. The Square floor is tiled with red bricks. There are many temples and idols in the area. The main temples are aligned opposite of the western face of the palace. The entrance of the temples faces east, towards the palace. There is also a bell situated in the alignment beside the main temples. The Square also holds old Newari residential houses. There are various other temples and structures in and around Patan Durbar Square built by the Newa People.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The square was heavily damaged on 25 April 2015 baisakh 12 by a major earthquake.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan_Durbar_Square" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a></span></div>

Patan Durbar Square

Patan Durbar Square is situated at the centre of the city of Lalitpur in Nepal. It is one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu...

Landmarks In Bhaktapur

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 history 1:57 AM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_fdudF1fjLTxFcBlLB-NWQnT2BnUZeuLOzd-QiP7q8lTcrnq1bPPi7laMGs_RJKEgQHRx07EIH8uAh3y2DXPz_w2PtfOOadmd4rSHNsINp9Zhwn48OqXckVSAntw7ZRkzyyH-n4MDQzG/s1600/pimage_pimage_bhaktapur-big-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV_fdudF1fjLTxFcBlLB-NWQnT2BnUZeuLOzd-QiP7q8lTcrnq1bPPi7laMGs_RJKEgQHRx07EIH8uAh3y2DXPz_w2PtfOOadmd4rSHNsINp9Zhwn48OqXckVSAntw7ZRkzyyH-n4MDQzG/s640/pimage_pimage_bhaktapur-big-1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Layaku (Bhaktapur Durbar Square)</h3>
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Bhaktapur Durbar Square is a conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-style temples, mostly dedicated to Hindu gods and goddesses grouped around a 55-window palace of brick and wood. The square is one of the most charming architectural showpieces of the valley as it highlights the ancient arts of Nepal. The golden effigies of the kings perched on the top of stone monoliths, the guardian deities looking out from their sanctuaries, the wood carvings in every place — struts, lintels, uprights, tympanums, gateways and windows — all seem to form a well-orchestrated symphony.</div>
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The royal palace was originally situated at Dattaraya square and was only later moved to the Durbar square location. The square in Bhaktapur was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1934 and hence appears more spacious than the ones at Kathmandu and Patan.</div>
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Nyatapola Temple</div>
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Nyatapola Temple' is a 5-story pagoda located in Bhaktapur, Nepal. The temple was erected by Nepali King Bhupatindra Malla during a 5-month period from late 1701 into 1702. It is the temple of Siddha Laxmi, the Hindu goddess of prosperity.</div>
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Bhairab Nath Temple</div>
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This is another pagoda temple of lord Bhairab, the dreadful aspect of Lord Shiva. It stands near the Nyatapola temple and was originally constructed by King Jagat Jyoti Malla on a modest scale. It was later remodelled by King Bhupatindra Malla, a zealous lover of the arts, into what it is now a three-storeyed temple.</div>
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Dattatraya Temple</h3>
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Dattatraya Temple and its premises</div>
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The temple of Dattatraya is as old as the Palace of Fifty-five Windows. Consecrated by King Yakshya Malla in 1427 AD, this temple, according to popular belief, was built out of the trunk of a single tree. It was subsequently repaired and renovated by King Vishwa Malla in 1458 AD.</div>
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Artistic Windows</h3>
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Just beside temple is a monastery (Math) with exquisitely carved peacock windows. These famous windows were carved during the reign of King Vishwa Malla. The monastery is full of artistic facades of latticed windows and engraved columns.</div>
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Changu Narayan</h3>
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Front face of Changu Narayan temple</div>
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Changu Narayan is an ancient Hindu temple located near the village of Changunarayan in the Kathmandu Valley on top of a hill at the eastern end of the valley. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the north of Bhakathapur and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Kathmandu. The temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley, and is believed to have been constructed first in the 4th century. Changu Narayan is the name of Vishnu, and the temple is dedicated to him. A stone slab discovered in the vicinity of the temple dates to the 5th century, and is the oldest such stone inscription discovered in Nepal. It was rebuilt after the old temple was devastated. Many stone sculptures here date to the Licchavi period. Changu Narayan Temple is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.</div>
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The temple is a double-roofed structure where the idol of Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Narayana is deified. The exquisitely built temple has intricate roof struts showing multi-armed Tantric deities. A kneeling image of Garuda (dated to the 5th century), the vahana or vehicle of Vishnu with a snake around its neck, faces the temple. The gilded door depicts stone lions guarding the temple. Gilded windows also flank the door. A conch and a disc, symbols of Vishnu, are carved on the two pillars at the entrance. Non-Hindus are not allowed inside the temple.</div>
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Ta Pukhu (Siddha Pokhari)</h3>
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Ta Pukhu (Siddha Pokhari) is a big rectangular water pond near the main city gate. It was built during the reign of King Yakshya Malla in the early 15th century and is associated with a number of myths. From this spot a wide range of snowy peaks are visible on clear days.</div>
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Kailashnath Mahadev Statue</h3>
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Kailashnath Mahadev is the World's Tallest Lord Shiva statue. The height of this statue is 143 feet high and is situated 20 km from Kathmandu, epal.The statues construction work was started in 2004 and was completed in 2012.The statue's inauguration took place on the 21st of June'12. This statue stands on the 32nd position in the list of all statues by height in the whole world. It has been made of copper, cement, zinc, and steel. To make this gigantic structure possible there were many professional workers and statue makers from India.</div>
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Landmarks In Bhaktapur

Layaku (Bhaktapur Durbar Square) Bhaktapur Durbar Square is a conglomeration of pagoda and shikhara-style temples, mostly dedicated to ...

Caste System of Nepal

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 history 11:28 PM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese are known by castes </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">A caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of occupation, endogamy, culture, social class, tribe affiliation and political power. Discrimination based on caste, as perceived by UNICEF, is prevalent mainly in parts of Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Japan) and Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">amongst themselves essentially for their identity. It affects their family life, food, dress, occupations and culture. Basically, it determines their way of life. On the whole, caste system has an important role in social stratification in Nepal. There are many castes in Nepal amongst various communities mainly in the hills, valleys and the plains. The communities living in the high mountains do not follow the caste system. They are the Tibetan migrants </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">People from Tibet those migrate to North of Nepal.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">and they practice communal ownership.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The caste system which is the basis of feudalistic </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Feudalism was a set of political and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. see more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">economic structure with the system of individual ownership system did not exist prior to the arrival of Indians and their culture in Nepal. The Nepalese caste system is an impact and influence of the ancient and orthodox Indian caste system. The ethnic Nepalese indigenous do not have caste system even today because they practice Buddhism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). Buddha was borned in Lumbini, Southern part of Nepal.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">. Only the Indian migrants who practice Hinduism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanatana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law") by its adherents. Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">follow this system. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Caste System</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese are known by castes </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">A caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of occupation, endogamy, culture, social class, tribe affiliation and political power. Discrimination based on caste, as perceived by UNICEF, is prevalent mainly in parts of Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Japan) and Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">amongst themselves essentially for their identity. It affects their family life, food, dress, occupations and culture. Basically, it determines their way of life. On the whole, caste system has an important role in social stratification in Nepal. There are many castes in Nepal amongst various communities mainly in the hills, valleys and the plains. The communities living in the high mountains do not follow the caste system. They are the Tibetan migrants </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">People from Tibet those migrate to North of Nepal.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">and they practice communal ownership.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The caste system which is the basis of feudalistic </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Feudalism was a set of political and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the ninth and fifteenth centuries. see more</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">economic structure with the system of individual ownership system did not exist prior to the arrival of Indians and their culture in Nepal. The Nepalese caste system is an impact and influence of the ancient and orthodox Indian caste system. The ethnic Nepalese indigenous do not have caste system even today because they practice Buddhism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). Buddha was borned in Lumbini, Southern part of Nepal.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">. Only the Indian migrants who practice Hinduism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanatana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law") by its adherents. Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">follow this system.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Only the Indian migrants who practice Hinduism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanatana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law") by its adherents. Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">follow this system. Only the Indian migrants who practice Hinduism </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hinduism is the predominant and indigenous religious tradition of South Asia. Hinduism is often referred to as Sanatana Dharma (a Sanskrit phrase meaning "the eternal law") by its adherents. Hinduism is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">follow this system.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="http://www.gonepal.eu/about-nepal/social/caste-system-of-nepal" target="_blank">gonepal. eu</a> </span>

Caste System of Nepal

Nepalese are known by castes A caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines elements of occupation, endogamy, culture, ...

History of Kathmandu and Timeline of Kathmandu

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 history 10:18 PM

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Manjushree, with Chandrahrasa, the Buddhist deity said to have created the valley</div>
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Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD.[13] The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in Brahmi script. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old.[13] Stone inscriptions are a ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for the history of Nepal.</div>
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The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit Fathers Johann Grueber and Albert d'Orville. In 1661, they passed through Nepal on their way from Tibet to India, and reported that they reached "Cadmendu", the capital of Nepal kingdom.</div>
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Ancient history</h3>
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The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake named "Nagdaha", as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword, and the water was evacuated out from there. He then established a city called Manjupattan, and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet, and the valley was again a lake. Then lord Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur, and again drained out the water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.</div>
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Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city, which was famous for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.</div>
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Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi.[17][18] The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.</div>
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Licchavi era</h3>
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The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty, circa 400 AD. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world.[19] With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram[20] during most of the Licchavi era.[21]</div>
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Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu.[21] The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma.[22] The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.</div>
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Malla era</h3>
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Taleju Bhawani Temple, the temple of the Malla clan's deity</div>
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The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.</div>
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During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.</div>
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Modern era</h3>
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Garden of Dreams, a Western styled garden built during the modern era </div>
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Narayanhiti Palace Museum</div>
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Early Shah rule</h3>
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The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.</div>
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Rana rule</h3>
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Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot Massacre, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jang Bahadur Rana and his supporters. Another massacre, the Bhandarkhal Massacre, was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include Singha Durbar, Garden of Dreams, Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace.The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the New Road, was also built during this era. Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Rana rule was marked by despotism, economic exploitation and religious persecution.</div>
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Source : <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a></div>

History of Kathmandu and Timeline of Kathmandu

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