Nepal and Nepalese People: Other

Nepali Jana Andolan 2062/63 (Nepali Mass Movement 2062/63)

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The Panchayat System introduced by Late king Mahendra in 1960, collapsed in 1990. The leaders of the banned Nepali Congress, Communist and other political parties were opposing the system from the very beginning of its application. Therefore three amendments were made in the Panchayat Constitution to make it popular. But the oppositions were not satisfied with the principles and practices of the Panchayat System. So, the leaders of the various opposition parties were trying to restore te multi-party system, which was becoming very popural internationally.</div>
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The year 1990, proved as historical wastorical watershed for Nepal. In the beginning of 1989, the Trade and Transit Treaty with the Government of India lapsed, which caused severe hardship to the people and hindered export and import of the country. In the meantime, the communist parties were trying to unite and the Nepali Congress was seeking for the national conference of the party. Finally, seven communist parties united which is called United Left Front (ULF) and the Nepali Congress called for the national conference on 5-7 January 1990 in Kathmandu. A conference was held attended by a large number of national and Indians as well as some foreign delegates, which confessed a spark of the mass movement. At the same time, the Nepali Congress and the United Left Front decided to dismount against the Partyless Panchayat System and they fixed the date of the movement on. 18th February 1990. Ont he other hand, the Panchayat Government tried its best to obstruct national conference but it could not succeed.</div>
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The speeches of Indian delegates and the Nepalese leaders excited the people for movement. The Panchas criticized the speeches of the conference and the government under the premiership of Marich Man Singh, launced processions and meetings in favour of the Panchayat System as well as governcent began arresting party workers and leaders. Clashes between the Panchas and the multipartists took place and the cases of violence began to spread all over the valley.</div>
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The movement was launched on scheduled date, i.e, on 18th February 1990 (7th Falgun 2046 B.S.). The Demonstrations were held in various parts of the country. The police force came down heavily against the demonstrators. Some people were shot dead in Bhaktapur, Palpa and Chitwan and many of them were injured. Then the session of violence started to spread in some other towns. The people of Patan (Lalitpur) and Kirtipur seized the towns from government's control and protested against the Panchayat regime. The government failed to suppress the movement. At the same time. His Majesty King Birendra dismissed Marich Man Singh's Government and an interim government was formed under the premiership of Mr. Lokendra Bahadur Chand. Nevertheless, the movement applied curfew in the town. Considering the failure of two days's curfew and loss of lives His Majesty the King BIrendra lifted the ban of the political pariies, granted freedom to the press and formed a COnstitution Reforns Commission in April 1990</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Nepali Jana Andolan 2062/63 (Nepali Mass Movement 2062/63)</span></h3>
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On 8th April 1990, His Majesty Birendra invited the leaders of movement such as Mr Ganesh Man Singh, Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala, Mana Mohan Adhikari, Mrs Sahana Pradhan , etc. to the palace and promised to fulfill their demands for restoring the multiparty system in Nepal. An interim gov ernment under the premiership of Mr Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was formed. The government sonsisted of eleven members, four from the Nepali Congress, three from the ULF, two from independents and two Royal nominees. Themain responsibilities of the interim government were to frame a democratic constitution and to hold general election within a year. Thus the Panchayat System of about three decades came to an end multiparty system was restored in Nepal.</div>
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We know that the constitution fo Nepal 2047 was democratic but it did not represent the sentiments of Madhesi, Mahila, Dalit, Janjai, Marginalized people and disadvantaged groups. It was drafted by a few people. They were representatives of Congress, CPNUML, Royal Palace and independent. The constitution declared Nepal as a Hindu kingdom including constitutional monarchy. There was less people's participation. After few years, Maoists started armed styruggle. Its main motto was to liberate the people from economic, social political and gender based disparities and discriminations. After the brutal assassination of king Birendra and his family, (Jestha 19th 2058) King Gyanedra dismissed the cabinet of Sher Bahadur Deuba and took all executive powers of country in his hand. After that all political parties were against palace and monarchy. Seven Party lliance strongly suported Maiosts' Twelve points Agreements between SPA and Maoist in Delhi for building the ground for the foundation of Mass Movement-II on Mansir 7th, 2062. There was Mass Revolution II. After that king Gyanendra was compelled to reinstate the dissolved house of representatives. The leaders of the movement wanted a new Constituent Assembly and total transfer of power to people. G.P. Koirala became the prime minister on the unanimity of eight parties. On Jestha 4th, 2063, 25 points peace code of conduct between the Government and Maoist was signed. On Mansir 5th 2063 Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed between Prime Minister G.P. Koirala and Chairman Prachand. An interim Government was formed including the third amendment resolving to make Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic important lessons. The days of unbridled monarchy are over. Secondly even those who believe in armed revolution have to come to negotiating table and join in the constitutional process in which they alone could not be representatives of Nepali people.</div>
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Source : <a href="http://www.historynepal.com/2010/06/nepali-jana-andolan-206263-nepali-mass.html" target="_blank">historynepal.com</a></div>

Nepali Jana Andolan 2062/63 (Nepali Mass Movement 2062/63)

The Panchayat System introduced by Late king Mahendra in 1960, collapsed in 1990. The leaders of the banned Nepali Congress, Communist an...

Nepalese economy: After the earthquake and blockade

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 8:16 PM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Subsequent to the so called “People’s War”, Nepal entered its post-conflict period.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">This period is noted for its marked political changes featured by the intolerably prolonged period taken for drafting a new constitution and the November 13th elections ushering the country into a lazy pattern of secular federal democratic republic.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The State continues with its struggle in institutionalizing the drastic changes, a task that is not as easy as made out to be, already imposing a heavy toll on the lives of the Nepalese citizenry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Two months after a devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck Nepal on 25th April, a Post Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA) Report stated that the earthquake lowered GDP growth by over 1.5 per cent from an estimated 4.6 per cent in a no earthquake scenario in FY 2015-16.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Report also shows that the income distress from the earthquake was likely to push an additional 700,000-900,000 people below the poverty line.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Again after a short while an indefinite strike was launched in the border area derailing the already weakened economy. The overall trade has shrunk by Rs127.83 billion in the first five months (mid-July to mid-December) of the current fiscal year due to the border blockade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Import has dropped by 36 per cent and export by 30.7 per cent as compared to the corresponding period of the last fiscal year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Import and export from the major trading partner India decelerated profoundly and imports stood at Rs119.15 billion. The country’s import-based revenue was affected excessively.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nepalese economy: After the earthquake and blockade</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Economic prospects for the country seemed to be getting bleaker, as the World Bank revised the growth for fiscal year 2015-16 down to 1.7 per cent, versus an estimate of 3.7 per cent prior to the trade disruption. The IMF’s latest forecast is 2 per cent and the Asian Development Bank’s projection is 1.5 per cent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">But according to the Central Bank economic growth could be contracted to -0.99 per cent in the current fiscal year. The contribution of agriculture sector to GDP will be 31 per cent according to an IMF report. The country’s treasury surplus recently surpassed Rs 200 billion according to financial management policy analysis division, Ministry of Finance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">From the above figures, it is obvious that the country’s economy is in a highly vulnerable situation and, therefore, the country first of all should go for immediate relief of the people. Hand in hand it should go steadily for rectifying the chaotic economy of the country.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rationally, instead of going for long term development, short term immediate relief should be provided to the people for their sustainability and existence at this point of time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA), the apex body formed to lead post-earthquake reconstruction and rehabilitation works, has used only 9.34 per cent of the budget in the first nine months of the current fiscal year which signifies massive under-utilization of funds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Under these circumstances post-quake reconstruction and rehabilitation works should take place at the earliest on a war footing. If the construction gets delayed the cost will also go up and have a multiplier effect upon the people with the monsoon already here. The delay is a matter of concern despite the availability of resources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Government has declared low interest loans for the destitute whose houses have been completely or fractionally damaged. But for this purpose the Government should act with a boot strap operation immediately, either to provide funds before the onslaught of the monsoon.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">People are already building their houses due to the rainy season in some of the areas. There is advantage also if the money is poured in the construction and the unspent capital expenditure is mobilized as it will generate income activities of the people and at the same time expedite economic growth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nepalese economy: After the earthquake and blockade</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Destruction has set the economy back by a decade in addition to shattering the effort to move from a “Least developed Country” to a Developing Country” by 2022. Highways and roads have suffered major structural damage; similarly several hydro-power infrastructures have been impacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Currently, NEA is supplying 564 MW including 210 MW imported from India. As a result of this, manufacturing sector is severely affected with rising fuel costs to meet energy requirement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">For this purpose, the damage to both hydro-power and roads has to be revamped as soon as possible.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal should go all out in tapping economic benefits that can accrue from the northern and southern economic giants with trade diversification in the larger interest of the country.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">It is obvious that it is in the country’s immediate interest to unbundle the monopoly of the state owned Nepal Oil Corporation and prepare the ground work for the entry of other competent fuel/gas suppliers in the Nepalese market.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">It is totally baffling why people continue to experience shortages even months after restoration of full supply across the border. It simply points out to one thing and that is the prevalence of a deep seated black marketing nexus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">It is obvious that there is a severe dearth of empathy and pain sharing on the part of political stakeholders and decision makers and unless this is genuinely reversed, political rhetoric will always remain the primary consumptive fodder for the wanting Nepalese to feed on: indeed a sorry state of affairs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="http://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/nepalese-economy-earthquake-blockade/" target="_blank">thehimalayantimes.com</a></span></div>
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Nepalese economy: After the earthquake and blockade

Subsequent to the so called “People’s War”, Nepal entered its post-conflict period. This period is noted for its marked political cha...

A Short Introduction to Air Transport of Nepal

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 6:26 PM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The air transport service in Nepal began with the establishment of Tribhuwan International Airport (TIA) in 1949, just two years before advent of democracy in the country. Since then more than 40 airports have been founded all over Nepal, though TIA is still the sole international airport here. As major portion of the road network of this recently declared federal republic is still in the primitive and insufficient state, air strips provide a comparatively safer and reliable, although bit expensive, mode of transportation. Those who can spend a little prefer short, cozy and secure journey to the whole-day long bumpy ride on poorly-maintained highways. The gateways to the chief tourist attractions in Nepal like Lukla, Johmsom , Dolpa, Pokhara had airdromes before they were linked into the road network. The remote tourist district of Solu Khumbu alone, which seats the Mount Everest, consists of 4 airports!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A Short Introduction to Air Transport of Nepal</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal Airlines, formerly Royal Nepal Airlines, is the flag carrier of Nepal operating both national and international flights to Delhi, Quala Lampur, Dubai, Bangkok, Doha and Hong Kong. There are about 18 private companies which are granted the license to operate air services by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal. Due to the extensive air network and additional aircrafts from private companies, flights are operated in almost regular basis to the major parts of the country. These airlines also provide additional services like mountain flights and charters (both helicopter and airplane). The popular and preferred private airline services of the country are – Buddha Air, Yeti Airways, Simrik Air, Tara airlines etc. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Getting to Nepal from Europe, Australia and America requires two different flights since there is no direct air connection to these places from Nepal. Some of the popular international airlines in Nepal are: Air Arabia, Air Asia, Air China, Bahrain Air, Biman Bangladesh, China Southern Airlines, Druk Air, Etihad, Qatar Airways etc. The places in Asia to where the regular flights from Nepal are carried out are Bangkok, Seoul, Singapore, Hongkong, Kwala Lampur, Doha , Karachi, Dhaka, Guanghzhao (China), Paro (Bhutan) , New Delhi and few other cities. If you are flying from America or Canada, you may choose to travel either westward or eastward over the globe. From Europe, you need to make first stop at one of the Gulf airports from where regular flights to Kathmandu are operated. In case of Australia or New Zealand, the four options are Bangkok, Seoul, Singapore or Hong Kong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">A Short Introduction to Air Transport of Nepal</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">TIA is not yet well-equipped and sophisticated like the big names in the international airports. However, basic airport facilities are available with additional services like money exchange, tourist information center, instant photo booth and also a communication stall from where you can buy SIM cards easily. Most domestic airports of Nepal are below standards, the aviation sector in Nepal has a long way to go and we can expect at least some decades to pass before a properly managed and well-facilitated airways service comes into effect in Nepal. Nevertheless, journey on air is still the first option for tourists as well as local passengers prioritizing time, safety ,comfort and aerial views of the Himalaya </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Getting to Nepal from Europe, Australia and America requires two different flights since there is no direct air connection to these places from Nepal. Some of the popular international airlines in Nepal are: Air Arabia, Air Asia, Air China, Bahrain Air, Biman Bangladesh, China Southern Airlines, Druk Air, Etihad, Qatar Airways etc. The places in Asia to where the regular flights from Nepal are carried out are Bangkok, Seoul, Singapore, Hongkong, Kwala Lampur, Doha , Karachi, Dhaka, Guanghzhao (China), Paro (Bhutan) , New Delhi and few other cities. If you are flying from America or Canada, you may choose to travel either westward or eastward over the globe. From Europe, you need to make first stop at one of the Gulf airports from where regular flights to Kathmandu are operated. In case of Australia or New Zealand, the four options are Bangkok, Seoul, Singapore or Hong Kong.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal Airlines, formerly Royal Nepal Airlines, is the flag carrier of Nepal operating both national and international flights to Delhi, Quala Lampur, Dubai, Bangkok, Doha and Hong Kong. There are about 18 private companies which are granted the license to operate air services by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="http://blog.visitnepal.com/a-short-introduction-to-air-transport-of-nepal/#.WFiQfNXBXqA" target="_blank">visitnepal.com</a></span></div>
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A Short Introduction to Air Transport of Nepal

The air transport service in Nepal began with the establishment of Tribhuwan International Airport (TIA) in 1949, just two years before a...

Is Nepal Still Unsafe Because of Maoists?

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 8:25 AM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">After waging civil war for 10 years, Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the first largest political party in Nepal, having held 220 out of 575 elected seats in the First Constituent Assembly. Maoist leaders Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Dr. Baburam Bhattarai led the government of Nepal along with numbers of leaders as ministers. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Presently, Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) stands as the third largest party of Nepal, securing 85 seats in the Second Constituent Assembly. Maoists are major partner of, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), Chairman KP Sharma Oli-led coalition government. Maoist leader and the former commander of the People’s Liberation Army, Nanda Bahadur Pun, is the Vice-President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal and UCPN-Maoist lawmaker, Onsari Gharti Magar, is first woman speaker of the active parliament.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The U.S. Department of State has already removed the UCPN-Maoist from the U.S. list of terrorist organizations, on grounds the Maoist group has abandoned its militant past. The Maoists are “no longer engaged in terrorist activity,” the State Department said in a written statement. After a thorough review, the Department had determined that the UCPN-Maoist is no longer engaged in terrorist activity that threatens the security of U.S. nationals or U.S. foreign policy. </span></div>
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However, many Nepalese are still seeking political asylum in the USA claiming a credible fear of persecution from Maoist. In 2013, majority of persons granted either affirmative or defensive asylum were from China (34 percent), Egypt (14 percent), Ethiopia (3.5 percent), Nepal (3.4 percent), and Syria (3.2 percent). Nationals of these five countries accounted for over half of total persons granted for asylum in the USA. Nepal was on the infamous top five in 2012 as well.  In 2012, the leading countries of nationality of persons granted either affirmative or defensive asylum were China (34 percent), Egypt (9.8 percent), Ethiopia (3.8 percent), Venezuela (3.7 percent), and Nepal (3.3 percent). Nepal has been on the top 10 for many years, according to the U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review.  For the period FY 2010 to FY 2014, seven of the top 10 countries from which aliens were granted asylum were represented: China, Ethiopia, Nepal, India, Eritrea, Egypt, and the Soviet Union.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Is Nepal Still Unsafe Because of Maoists?</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese in the USA claiming allegiance to almost every political shade have sought asylum. In the early 1990s, some people claimed they were unsafe after the restoration of democracy in Nepal. Members of Nepali congress, UML and other political parties claimed they were unsafe because of Maoist during civil war in Nepal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Although, now many Nepalese asylum seekers in the USA are claiming they are unsafe because of armed groups in Terai region of Nepal. Some are claiming Hindu extremist groups have persecuted them. Most of the stories are the same. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Among Nepalese seeking asylum in the US, most claim, they cannot return back to Nepal because of UCPN-Maoist. But there is neither civil war in Nepal nor are Maoists persecuting Nepali nationals on the basis of political opinion.  During civil war, they attacked members of minority political parties, minority ethnic groups, journalists, and other armed militias. They also had threatened many businesses and wealthy people in an attempt to raise money. Moreover, now this situation is over. Nepal is not unsafe because of Maoists. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">However, many Nepalese are still seeking political asylum in the USA claiming a credible fear of persecution from Maoist. In 2013, majority of persons granted either affirmative or defensive asylum were from China (34 percent), Egypt (14 percent), Ethiopia (3.5 percent), Nepal (3.4 percent), and Syria (3.2 percent). Nationals of these five countries accounted for over half of total persons granted for asylum in the USA. Nepal was on the infamous top five in 2012 as well.  In 2012, the leading countries of nationality of persons granted either affirmative or defensive asylum were China (34 percent), Egypt (9.8 percent), Ethiopia (3.8 percent), Venezuela (3.7 percent), and Nepal (3.3 percent). Nepal has been on the top 10 for many years, according to the U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review.  For the period FY 2010 to FY 2014, seven of the top 10 countries from which aliens were granted asylum were represented: China, Ethiopia, Nepal, India, Eritrea, Egypt, and the Soviet Union.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="http://huffpost.com/us/entry/9636432" target="_blank">huffpost.com</a></span></div>
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Is Nepal Still Unsafe Because of Maoists?

After waging civil war for 10 years, Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) became the first largest political party in Nepal, having ...

Rebuilding Nepal's Heritage Site

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 5:36 PM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDXFh93zGaRLV91NBchR8ZmBr6jITdYJxJtDhV34Ag3AVtOQ4eEIxiv7JlI5jBEDNSoJCXhiGVva6l25pr0np3Gx2Ml8eoeFAZKSToS5STcUmMX_np-YDT-1F4s3HgXjSvXKnegUVlRtAk/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDXFh93zGaRLV91NBchR8ZmBr6jITdYJxJtDhV34Ag3AVtOQ4eEIxiv7JlI5jBEDNSoJCXhiGVva6l25pr0np3Gx2Ml8eoeFAZKSToS5STcUmMX_np-YDT-1F4s3HgXjSvXKnegUVlRtAk/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The 7.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25 created a severe humanitarian crisis and devastated cultural resources and heritage in the Himalayan country. The earthquake left over 7,000 people dead and destroyed almost 200,000 houses, while many hundreds of thousands more were damaged. Thirteen out of the seventy-five districts in the country were severely impacted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Today, the focus is on saving human lives and providing food, housing, and medical care. Nepalese authorities requested emergency search and rescue teams to close down operations on May 4, but international humanitarian support will be needed for many months to assist the millions of people affected by the earthquake.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Restoring the monuments that are key to Nepal’s spiritual life will be a major task for the future. The many hundreds of Hindu and Buddhist temples and shrines that dot the Kathmandu Valley are the focal point of urban and village communities. These are above all places of worship where the Nepalese honor their gods and goddesses, but they are also places where villagers or urban communities to come together to exchange news, market goods and produce, or draw water. Restoring these spiritual centers will be key to rebuilding Nepalese communities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Unesco’s World Heritage List identifies seven groups of monuments that exemplify Nepal’s artistic achievement and historical importance: the Durbar Squares of Hanuman Dhoka (Kathmandu), Patan and Bhaktapur, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Bauddhanath and the Hindu temples of Pashupati and Changu Narayan. The first three were reported to have been almost completely destroyed in a preliminary assessment issued by UNESCO just days after the earthquake. The report also drew attention to significant damage to natural heritage at Sagarmatha National Park, which includes Mount Everest. UNESCO announced on May 7 that it plans to send an international mission to do damage assessment and to advise on protections and conservation of Nepalese monuments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Organizations like the Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust have made long term commitments to preserving and rebuilding Nepalese temples and historic buildings. The Trust has deep roots in Nepal, having restored more than fifty historic buildings over the last twenty years. training and working with traditional artisans and artists. The Patan Square was a particular focus of the Trust’s preservation work, involving the restoration and conservation of 2 major palace courtyards, 3 tiered temples, a number of public buildings and a large urban garden. In the past, the Trust performed numerous strengthening projects at Kathmandu Darbar specifically directed to improving resistance to seismic events on building which had been damaged in a major earthquake in 1934.  The destruction from the catastrophic 7.8 magnitude quake of April 25 may demand even more rigorous seismic standards for future rebuilding or traditional reconstruction.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal has become a popular venue for new forms of heritage tourism through groups such as Restoration Works International, in which international visitors have contributed labor and funds to rebuild the monastic community at Chhairo Gompa in Lower Mustang in new quarters. Local stonemasons and carpenters do the construction work, but visitors can assist by cleaning statues, plastering, repainting murals and other tasks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Although most earthquake relief is organized through large charitable entities, small scale restoration projects have been set up in villages by foreigners with close ties to Nepalese communities. (For example, two reconstruction projects have been started by Santa Fe, NM families; one in Halcok village and the other in Chupar, with donations funneled through the nonprofit plenty.org. Contact plenty.org or info@committeeforculturalpolicy.org to ask about donations to other small scale relief efforts through plenty.org.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The damage to cultural heritage in Nepal as a result of the earthquake shows how important it is to build inventories and document historic buildings and their contents. The Arches program – developed by the Getty Conservation Institute along with the World Monuments Fund – is a software system that allows data to be collected and stored in a single location and include detailed GIS data, satellite imagery, photographs and laser scans, and historical details and records. In earthquake devastated Nepal, Arches has collected information on damaged buildings by using drones to gather aerial video and data when access by ground teams is not possible. (The city of Los Angeles, another earthquake prone region, has done an extensive city-wide survey using Arches in order, among other uses, to have a digital record of its intact state.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">In 2011, a more limited precursor to Arches called the Middle Eastern Geodatabase for Antiquities (MEGA) was developed by the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, the Getty Conservation Institute, and the World Monuments Fund. This program utilized satellite imagery to track destruction of monuments in Iraq, Jordan, and other regions at high risk for war damage or looting. The project included development of a bilingual Arabic-English, Web-based national geospatial information system for Jordan. Because of the detailed information available from satellite imagery, such a system has the capacity to locate not only changes to the landscape, but even tire tracks indicating the presence of looters at a site.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Most of the people involved with Nepalese art, museum curators, scholars, collectors and art dealers, have deep ties to Nepal and its culture. There is enormous goodwill and willingness to help in this tragic situation. Objects that disappear in the chaos can be found if they have been documented. Objects that have been destroyed can at least be replicated. A concerted effort by the international art community to build and maintain access to records could be more useful by far in situations of political unrest or natural disaster than haphazard, after the fact, interdiction efforts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://committeeforculturalpolicy.org/rebuilding-nepals-cultural-heritage/" target="_blank">committeeforculturalpolicy.org</a></span></div>

Rebuilding Nepal's Heritage Site

The 7.8 magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25 created a severe humanitarian crisis and devastated cultural resources and her...

Geology, Intensity and Aftershocks of Gorkha Earthquake

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 1 Other 9:12 AM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBH8Slx1hrb75tCyvQuDdPZi97W7ZUqp_8x56BvtG4zR3fKPqIrpvdwRRUwrFQWUgedicDQ3XiaiMeessoawAxFNxhS2GSE4eoIParzdKw4qCrRxRKG7Ci3oUT76PiEEpthyvuqyv4zLTF/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBH8Slx1hrb75tCyvQuDdPZi97W7ZUqp_8x56BvtG4zR3fKPqIrpvdwRRUwrFQWUgedicDQ3XiaiMeessoawAxFNxhS2GSE4eoIParzdKw4qCrRxRKG7Ci3oUT76PiEEpthyvuqyv4zLTF/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;">Geology</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Main articles: Geology of Nepal and Thrust tectonics</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate, occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south and, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel. These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys). Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region. A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern. A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in West China region through the 2020s.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Intensity</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Isoseismal map for the Gorkha earthquake annotated with values on the Mercalli intensity scale</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in small parts of Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VI, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, [better source needed] in the National capital region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka.[better source needed] Many buildings were brought down in Bihar. Minor cracks in the walls of houses were reported in Odisha. Minor quakes were registered as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[not in citation given] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter. Tremors were felt in Pakistan[46] and Bhutan.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Aftershocks</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Main article: List of aftershocks after the 2015 Nepal earthquake</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal. The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, and Assam. The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft). The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Assuming that 25 April earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month. As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a></span>

Geology, Intensity and Aftershocks of Gorkha Earthquake

Geology M6+ Himalayan region earthquakes, 1900–2014 Main articles: Geology of Nepal and Thrust tectonics Nepal lies towards the south...

The Gorkha Earthquake

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 8:55 AM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4RkvcuXU2iMfQkbtNfazF2K9K24g1V7IbPzlicTHTwUNzZf4nQIEPWx0L5Hnh67X6OqSdv_VPM6zYR2cirMh8ItscCzNK6a8JI6kBTQkdq4vZ6WnosotlD3c-29U58Gjbj9sFC_g_RNV/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy4RkvcuXU2iMfQkbtNfazF2K9K24g1V7IbPzlicTHTwUNzZf4nQIEPWx0L5Hnh67X6OqSdv_VPM6zYR2cirMh8ItscCzNK6a8JI6kBTQkdq4vZ6WnosotlD3c-29U58Gjbj9sFC_g_RNV/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake) killed nearly 9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It occurred at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time on 25 April, with a magnitude of 7.8Mw or 8.1Ms and a maximum Mercalli Intensity of IX (Violent). Its epicenter was east of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km (5.1 mi). It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake. The ground motion recorded in Kathmandu valley was of low frequency which, along with its occurrence at an hour where many people in rural areas were working outdoors, decreased the loss of property and human life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The earthquake triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, killing 21,  making April 25, 2015 the deadliest day on the mountain in history. The earthquake triggered another huge avalanche in the Langtang valley, where 250 people were reported missing.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hundreds of thousands of people were made homeless with entire villages flattened,  across many districts of the country. Centuries-old buildings were destroyed at UNESCO World Heritage sites in the Kathmandu Valley, including some at the Kathmandu Durbar Square, the Patan Durbar Square, the Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the Changu Narayan Temple, the Boudhanath stupa and the Swayambhunath Stupa. Geophysicists and other experts had warned for decades that Nepal was vulnerable to a deadly earthquake, particularly because of its geology, urbanization, and architecture.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Continued aftershocks occurred throughout Nepal at the intervals of 15–20 minutes, with one shock reaching a magnitude of 6.7 on 26 April at 12:54:08 NST. The country also had a continued risk of landslides.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">A major aftershock occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3. The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest. More than 200 people were killed and more than 2,500 were injured by this aftershock.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Aftershocks at 12 May</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 a.m. NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground), with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds. The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia. Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one. "According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" target="_blank">wikipedia.org</a></span></div>

The Gorkha Earthquake

The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as the Gorkha earthquake) killed nearly 9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It occurred...

Blockade of Nepal

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 8:36 AM

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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal has been gripped by a blockade in the country's south for the past two months, leading to acute shortages of fuel and medicine.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The blockade is led by ethnic minorities who say they are discriminated against in the new constitution. The government also accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo - something India denies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">1. Chopping trees</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Logs to be sold by the government as firewood</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption A fuel shortage has increased demand for firewood</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The crippling shortage of essential fuels such as liquefied petroleum (LP) gas, widely used for cooking in Nepal, has clearly put a lot of pressure on the country's forest resources.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepali newspapers are awash with reports of incidents of illegal logging in several forests in the unrest-affected Tarai plains of southern Nepal, which boasts some of the country's best lush green forests and national parks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Officials say that, right now, things are still under control - but if the fuel supply situation doesn't return to normal, more and more trees could be chopped down by loggers and those in need.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thakur Bhandari, an official at the Federation of Community Forest Users Nepal (FECOFUN), the umbrella body of the country's nearly 19,000 community forest user groups, says community-managed forests are safe as of now.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">"But our forests have become vulnerable and difficult to protect now," as the demand for firewood for fuel surges, he told the BBC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">2. Medicines running low</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">One of the worst-hit supplies has been essential medicines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese activists and hospital patients rally against the block on humanitarian supplies at the Nepal-India border, in Kathmandu on November 23, 2015</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption Protesters have called the blockade "inhuman"</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Procurement procedures, airport red tape and other factors have so far prevented hospitals in Nepal from flying in urgent medical supplies - and doctors warn of a humanitarian crisis within weeks if the shortages are not addressed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Even major hospitals have said that they are running short of life-saving drugs such as those used in intensive care units.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">In November, Unicef warned that more than three million children under the age of five were at risk of death or disease due to the acute shortage of fuel, food, medicines and vaccines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Queues for LPG cooking gas</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption There have been long queues for cooking gas</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The government says it is trying to "fast-track" the process of buying essential medicines.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The protesters are accused of failing to keep a promise to let essential medicines through the blockade.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese Ethnic Madhesi leaders and supporters observe a minute of silence in the memory of people killed in protest while marking 100 days since the beginning of ethnic Madhes protests in Kathmandu, Nepal, 23 November 2015</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption Madhesi activists say the government has used excessive force against protesters</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">3. No paper, ink or books</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">People carrying cooking gas in Nepal</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption The shortage of cooking gas has hit families hard</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Due to lack of diesel to run their buses, many schools have been forced to hold brief holidays.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The government has started rationing diesel to schools to twice a week. "We have not totally closed schools but we are hit very hard," says private schools association president Lakchyya Bahadur KC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The lack of fuel, paper and ink have also obstructed the printing of textbooks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">"We need to print 15 million textbooks in next four months. If the situation does not change, we will face shortages shortly," said a senior official at the Janak Educational Materials Centre - a government body that prints school textbooks for public schools.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepalese school children shout anti India slogan during a protest rally in Kathmandu, Nepal. 24 November 2015</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption Nepalese school children have taken part in anti-India protests against the blockade. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">People carrying cooking gas in Nepal</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image caption The shortage of cooking gas has hit families hard</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Due to lack of diesel to run their buses, many schools have been forced to hold brief holidays.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The government has started rationing diesel to schools to twice a week. "We have not totally closed schools but we are hit very hard," says private schools association president Lakchyya Bahadur KC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The lack of fuel, paper and ink have also obstructed the printing of textbooks</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="https://www.google.com.np/amp/www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/35041366" target="_blank">bbc.co.uk</a></span></div>

Blockade of Nepal

Nepal has been gripped by a blockade in the country's south for the past two months, leading to acute shortages of fuel and medicine....

Economy of Nepal

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 3:56 AM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjES1zaY3KtPo-kdLDe8YzD-7_ORkxm0BpJ03JZ3Mji7sSs-eQL3rHjQloGOiR4VdzRHv5KiywerdRc2pu9kC180Oi2F0hNKZNHLvo391-HNBCJ8T4wJ6kilE_jZViabw_XJJJGHq6huW0n/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjES1zaY3KtPo-kdLDe8YzD-7_ORkxm0BpJ03JZ3Mji7sSs-eQL3rHjQloGOiR4VdzRHv5KiywerdRc2pu9kC180Oi2F0hNKZNHLvo391-HNBCJ8T4wJ6kilE_jZViabw_XJJJGHq6huW0n/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></div>
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ECONOMIC LIFE</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The economy generally means wealth or property. Specifically, economy refers to the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money. Economy also implies control and management of properly or its proper utilization. Wealth includes money, valuable metals like gold and silver, house, land and its income, goods, documents and assets that can be exchanged with money. Wealth helps us to fulfill all sorts of our needs. So, economy or wealth is essential for living. We all need to work to earn wealth for our living. If we do not earn, we cannot develop and in fact, it is difficult to sustain our life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Importance of Economy</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">The importance of wealth or economy lies with its utility and the ability to fulfill our needs and wants. Money and valuable goods do not possess utility like those of food, cloth, medicine, etc. On the other hand, economy is easy to exchange things for our needs with money whereas economy is not so easy to exchange books with food, medicine with books or clothes with medicine. Though goods and commodities have money value, money is the most common means of transaction of commodities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wealth and property are mainly of two types: personal and common. Personal property means the property of individuals over which the owner has the absolute right. Common property belongs to the village, town, district, community, organization, nation or international organizations.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">a)Developing Transport and Communication</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal is full of hills, rocks, a lot of ups and downs. As such, transportation of goods and people has been very difficult. Had there been good roads, it would have been much better to go from one place to another and carry out the trade of local products. The local people would have no problem of unemployment. Everyone would get opportunities to earn money and develop the economy of the country. Everyone would get opportunities to earn money and develop the economy of the country. At the same time, the means of communication like postal services, radio, telephone, television, etc. would keep the people living in different parts, in close contact. For all such development works, Nepalese people need money and it is the common money of the community that is invested in such works. Nepal is poor and villages lack the facilities of transport and communication. </span></div>
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b) Utilizing the Natural Resources<span style="font-size: xx-small;">:</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nepal is rich in natural resources. A number of rivers flow from the snow-clad mountains. These rivers never dry because of their origin from the snow. The water of such rivers can be used to produce electricity, to irrigate land and supply drinking water for the people. But they are not been able to do so at a large scale. A large amount of money is required for the water-power projects that they have started recently.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Similarly, forest products like wood for making houses and furniture, firewood, herbs and roots to produce medicine, etc. are available in abundance. By making use of these resources they(Nepalese people) can earn a lot. At the same time, they have minerals in different parts of the country. But they have not been able to explore them. Money is needed to explore all sorts of natural resources. These are the national wealth and the exploration of these would help in the development of the country’s economy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br />c) Raising the Standard of Living<span style="font-size: xx-small;">:</span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Most of the people in Nepal, particularly those living in villages and remote areas, live a life similar to those of ancient time. They are engaged in different activities to earn enough to fulfill their bare needs. They are overcome by hunger, poverty and diseases. They are not aware of the various activities which could help them earn more and raise their standard of living. Mainly it is due to ignorance, lack of education and knowledge. Thus, it is the duty of the educated and skilled people to visit them, to make them aware of their abilities and help them in any way they can. By doing so, they will be able to raise the overall standard of the people and raise the economy of the country. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source : <a href="http://nepaldestination.blogspot.com/2010/04/normal-0-false-false-false.html?m=1" target="_blank">blogspot.com</a></span></div>

Economy of Nepal

ECONOMIC LIFE The economy generally means wealth or property. Specifically, economy refers to the state of a country or region in ...

Civil society

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 9:54 PM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJk4aSbJQIyRLMC-EsXIEYlvm_Zf-Sb4D6a1IidDFkUwYy1G4m9FLWjS5TriOupAFs9OCR15JE_UWTTZU_S6x-39knx5Qv7fXBbhL_78SuHL10lEZZDQoI-q_ML2sUBk3fD-sEvoucgHY/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUJk4aSbJQIyRLMC-EsXIEYlvm_Zf-Sb4D6a1IidDFkUwYy1G4m9FLWjS5TriOupAFs9OCR15JE_UWTTZU_S6x-39knx5Qv7fXBbhL_78SuHL10lEZZDQoI-q_ML2sUBk3fD-sEvoucgHY/s1600/3.jpg" /></a></div>
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Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disintegrating due to identity politics based on ethnicity and regionalism.</div>
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The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation of NGOs in 1990. In addition to defending NGOs’ autonomy, the NFN advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. Today, it has evolved as a leading civil society organisation in Nepal with over 5,370 affiliated NGOs across the country.</div>
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In 2003, the Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Center (HRTMCC) was established. The HRTMCC is a coalition of human rights organisations established to monitor the implementation of the international human rights treaties the country has ratified.</div>
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Civil society</h3>
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In 2013, a group of former bureaucrats, professionals and individuals from various sectors in Nepal formed an independent civil society organisation, the Citizens Assembly. Its objective is to exert pressure on state authorities, political leadership and policymakers to work for the interests of the country and the public.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disintegrating due to identity politics based on ethnicity and regionalism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation of NGOs in 1990. In addition to defending NGOs’ autonomy, the NFN advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. Today, it has evolved as a leading civil society organisation in Nepal with over 5,370 affiliated NGOs across the country.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2003, the Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Center (HRTMCC) was established. The HRTMCC is a coalition of human rights organisations established to monitor the implementation of the international human rights treaties the country has ratified.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2013, a group of former bureaucrats, professionals and individuals from various sectors in Nepal formed an independent civil society organisation, the Citizens Assembly. Its objective is to exert pressure on state authorities, political leadership and policymakers to work for the interests of the country and the public.Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disintegrating due to identity politics based on ethnicity and regionalism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation of NGOs in 1990. In addition to defending NGOs’ autonomy, the NFN advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. Today, it has evolved as a leading civil society organisation in Nepal with over 5,370 affiliated NGOs across the country.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2003, the Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Center (HRTMCC) was established. The HRTMCC is a coalition of human rights organisations established to monitor the implementation of the international human rights treaties the country has ratified.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2013, a group of former bureaucrats, professionals and individuals from various sectors in Nepal formed an independent civil society organisation, the Citizens Assembly. Its objective is to exert pressure on state authorities, political leadership and policymakers to work for the interests of the country and the public.Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disintegrating due to identity politics based on ethnicity and regionalism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation of NGOs in 1990. In addition to defending NGOs’ autonomy, the NFN advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. Today, it has evolved as a leading civil society organisation in Nepal with over 5,370 affiliated NGOs across the country.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2003, the Human Rights Treaty Monitoring Coordination Center (HRTMCC) was established. The HRTMCC is a coalition of human rights organisations established to monitor the implementation of the international human rights treaties the country has ratified.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2013, a group of former bureaucrats, professionals and individuals from various sectors in Nepal formed an independent civil society organisation, the Citizens Assembly. Its objective is to exert pressure on state authorities, political leadership and policymakers to work for the interests of the country and the public.Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disintegrating due to identity politics based on ethnicity and regionalism.</div>
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Civil society</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation of NGOs in 1990. In addition to defending NGOs’ autonomy, the NFN advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. Today, it has evolved as a leading civil society organisation in Nepal with over 5,370 affiliated NGOs across the country.</div>
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Source :<a href="http://interactions.eldis.org/unpaid-care-work/country-profiles/nepal/social-economic-and-political-context-nepal" target="_blank">eldis.org</a></div>

Civil society

Nepal’s civil society played a crucial role in the 2006 People’s Movement, but has become fractured in recent years. Social unity is disi...

Policy and legal framework

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 9:46 PM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU4J2WWIFZVb4Mw_KIoJN8yaICnoY4ahcz0P8CTPI6ckdp1nct7kuZbt35j1ygKCeR92BzzaFrlbe63L-yhIMUY052ZWyrR3rpDifR2PQ4ld3X5YC0CrHjP_qZmJyaEVw7nH8pnB2x8LHz/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU4J2WWIFZVb4Mw_KIoJN8yaICnoY4ahcz0P8CTPI6ckdp1nct7kuZbt35j1ygKCeR92BzzaFrlbe63L-yhIMUY052ZWyrR3rpDifR2PQ4ld3X5YC0CrHjP_qZmJyaEVw7nH8pnB2x8LHz/s320/2.jpg" width="203" /></a></div>
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Nepal has acceded to all major human rights treaties, and the Nepal Treaty Act of 1990 stipulated that provisions in international treaties to which Nepal is a party will supersede Nepalese law where there is divergence. In 2003, the government, in cooperation with civil society, has drawn up Nepal's first National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP). The first of its kind in the region, the Action Plan is intended to give equal attention to civil, political, cultural, economic and social rights.</div>
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The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare has the role of coordinating gender mainstreaming efforts in Nepal. Key legislative measures aimed at the promotion of gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women in Nepal include: the five-year strategic plan of the National Women’s Commission (2009-2014); the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act, 2009; the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007; the National Women’s Commission Act, 2007; and the Gender Equality Act, 2006. The National Women Commission (NWC) was established by the Government of Nepal through an executive decision in 2002 and a separate Act was promulgated in 2007. It has a legal mandate to monitor and investigate cases of violence against women, providing legal aid, monitor the state obligations to UN reporting under CEDAW, coordinate with government and other agencies for mainstreaming gender policy in national development and recommending and monitoring for the reforms by making research.</div>
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Policy and legal framework</h3>
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Nepal has acceded to all major human rights treaties, and the Nepal Treaty Act of 1990 stipulated that provisions in international treaties to which Nepal is a party will supersede Nepalese law where there is divergence. In 2003, the government, in cooperation with civil society, has drawn up Nepal's first National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP). The first of its kind in the region, the Action Plan is intended to give equal attention to civil, political, cultural, economic and social rights.</div>
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The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare has the role of coordinating gender mainstreaming efforts in Nepal. Key legislative measures aimed at the promotion of gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women in Nepal include: the five-year strategic plan of the National Women’s Commission (2009-2014); the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act, 2009; the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007; the National Women’s Commission Act, 2007; and the Gender Equality Act, 2006. The National Women Commission (NWC) was established by the Government of Nepal through an executive decision in 2002 and a separate Act was promulgated in 2007. It has a legal mandate to monitor and investigate cases of violence against women, providing legal aid, monitor the state obligations to UN reporting under CEDAW, coordinate with government and other agencies for mainstreaming gender policy in national development and recommending and monitoring for the reforms by making research.</div>
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Nepal has acceded to all major human rights treaties, and the Nepal Treaty Act of 1990 stipulated that provisions in international treaties to which Nepal is a party will supersede Nepalese law where there is divergence. In 2003, the government, in cooperation with civil society, has drawn up Nepal's first National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP). The first of its kind in the region, the Action Plan is intended to give equal attention to civil, political, cultural, economic and social rights.</div>
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Policy and legal framework</h3>
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The Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare has the role of coordinating gender mainstreaming efforts in Nepal. Key legislative measures aimed at the promotion of gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women in Nepal include: the five-year strategic plan of the National Women’s Commission (2009-2014); the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act, 2009; the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007; the National Women’s Commission Act, 2007; and the Gender Equality Act, 2006. The National Women Commission (NWC) was established by the Government of Nepal through an executive decision in 2002 and a separate Act was promulgated in 2007. It has a legal mandate to monitor and investigate cases of violence against women, providing legal aid, monitor the state obligations to UN reporting under CEDAW, coordinate with government and other agencies for mainstreaming gender policy in national development and recommending and monitoring for the reforms by making researchThe National Women Commission (NWC) was established by the Government of Nepal through an executive decision in 2002 and a separate Act was promulgated in 2007. It has a legal mandate to monitor and investigate cases of violence against women, providing legal aid, monitor the state obligations to UN reporting under CEDAW, coordinate with government and other agencies for mainstreaming gender policy in national development and recommending and monitoring for the reforms by making research.</div>
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source :<a href="http://interactions.eldis.org/unpaid-care-work/country-profiles/nepal/social-economic-and-political-context-nepal" target="_blank">eldis.org</a></div>

Policy and legal framework

Nepal has acceded to all major human rights treaties, and the Nepal Treaty Act of 1990 stipulated that provisions in international treati...

Social, economic and political context in Nepal

Shrestha Jyo Rakesh 0 Other 9:42 PM

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO_xJbjbSduF4dgH5gjZG4rv6AXbvSMZaCXmVr1YMO-R48teHrviqeDHPBy6ULH0WPeCTSHEbvmyBoFPzy3Jfrps3ZV63M11HHuf7Mx5JW-01hwSt3ZH4tSDJeERvgsz6gsQKn9UlbKtbW/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO_xJbjbSduF4dgH5gjZG4rv6AXbvSMZaCXmVr1YMO-R48teHrviqeDHPBy6ULH0WPeCTSHEbvmyBoFPzy3Jfrps3ZV63M11HHuf7Mx5JW-01hwSt3ZH4tSDJeERvgsz6gsQKn9UlbKtbW/s1600/1.jpg" /></a></div>
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A large section of the population in Nepal cannot access political participation and representation to public affairs due to economic and social conditions, social stigma and lack of access to information, among other reasons. Nepal retains its centuries-old caste system. Dalits, the most discriminated people under this system, suffer from restriction on the use public amenities, deprivation of economic opportunities, and general neglect by the state and society.</div>
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In 1996, the Nepal's Maoist Communist party launched a violent campaign to replace the royal parliamentary system with a people's socialist republic. The ensuing ten years civil war had several origins, including overall poverty and the lack of economic development,  long periods of landlessness and deprivation of lower castes and lower-status ethnic groups generating anger at the country's elites, as well as dissatisfaction against the government's targeting of Maoist activists. The conflict resulted in the death of over 12,000 people, the displacement of more than 100,000 people, and the devastation of public infrastructures.</div>
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Social, economic and political </h3>
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The conflict officially ended in 2006, with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA). In 2007, the Interim Constitution of Nepal was adopted, replacing the 1990 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal. It created an interim Legislature-Parliament, a transitional government reflecting the goals of the 2006 People's Movement - the mandate of which was for peace, change, stability, establishment of the competitive multiparty democratic system of governance, rule of law, promotion and protection of human rights, full press freedom and independence of judiciary based on democratic values and norms.</div>
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In 2008, a Constituent Assembly (CA) was established. That same year, the CA resolved to end the 239 year-old monarchy and declare Nepal a federal democratic republic. The CA is responsible for electing the President (the head of state) and the Prime Minister (head of government). In 2010, almost a third of the members of the CA were women, and a record number of Dalits and other marginalised groups were elected.</div>
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As part of the process of drafting Nepal's new constitution, regional consortiums of NGOs have held 'democracy dialogues,' including over 400,000 people, to help ensure that the constitution represents Nepal's diverse population, as well as to increase citizens' confidence in, and understanding of the process. New constitutional provisions include new economic, social and cultural rights; new voting systems; and affirmative action for marginalised groups. It is expected that women will be assured 33% representation in the new Parliament. The new constitution has not been finalised, largely due to disagreements on whether to determine Nepal state boundaries on the basis of ethnicity. In May 2012, Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai dissolved the Constituent Assembly after it failed to finish the constitution in its last time extension, leaving the country in a legal vacuum. Election of the new Constituent Assembly was due in spring 2013.</div>
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Political context</div>
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A large section of the population in Nepal cannot access political participation and representation to public affairs due to economic and social conditions, social stigma and lack of access to information, among other reasons. Nepal retains its centuries-old caste system. Dalits, the most discriminated people under this system, suffer from restriction on the use public amenities, deprivation of economic opportunities, and general neglect by the state and society.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 1996, the Nepal's Maoist Communist party launched a violent campaign to replace the royal parliamentary system with a people's socialist republic. The ensuing ten years civil war had several origins, including overall poverty and the lack of economic development,  long periods of landlessness and deprivation of lower castes and lower-status ethnic groups generating anger at the country's elites, as well as dissatisfaction against the government's targeting of Maoist activists. The conflict resulted in the death of over 12,000 people, the displacement of more than 100,000 people, and the devastation of public infrastructures.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The conflict officially ended in 2006, with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA). In 2007, the Interim Constitution of Nepal was adopted, replacing the 1990 Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal. It created an interim Legislature-Parliament, a transitional government reflecting the goals of the 2006 People's Movement - the mandate of which was for peace, change, stability, establishment of the competitive multiparty democratic system of governance, rule of law, promotion and protection of human rights, full press freedom and independence of judiciary based on democratic values and norms.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
Social, economic and political </h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2008, a Constituent Assembly (CA) was established. That same year, the CA resolved to end the 239 year-old monarchy and declare Nepal a federal democratic republic. The CA is responsible for electing the President (the head of state) and the Prime Minister (head of government). In 2010, almost a third of the members of the CA were women, and a record number of Dalits and other marginalised groups were elected.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As part of the process of drafting Nepal's new constitution, regional consortiums of NGOs have held 'democracy dialogues,' including over 400,000 people, to help ensure that the constitution represents Nepal's diverse population, as well as to increase citizens' confidence in, and understanding of the process. New constitutional provisions include new economic, social and cultural rights; new voting systems; and affirmative action for marginalised groups. It is expected that women will be assured 33% representation in the new Parliament. The new constitution has not been finalised, largely due to disagreements on whether to determine Nepal state boundaries on the basis of ethnicity. In May 2012, Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai dissolved the Constituent Assembly after it failed to finish the constitution in its last time extension, leaving the country in a legal vacuum. Election of the new Constituent Assembly was due in spring 2013.</div>
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source :<a href="http://interactions.eldis.org/unpaid-care-work/country-profiles/nepal/social-economic-and-political-context-nepal" target="_blank">eldis.org</a></div>

Social, economic and political context in Nepal

A large section of the population in Nepal cannot access political participation and representation to public affairs due to economic a...

Nepal and Nepalese People